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提高中学生英语阅读能力的方法和策略

——分析历年英语高考阅读理解题有感

                                          成都市第三十八中学       
    “中学英语教学的目的,是对中学生进行听、说、读、写的基本训练,培养学生口头上书面上初步运用英语的能力,侧重培养阅读能力。”这句话说出了高中英语教学中培养阅读能力的重要性。从某种意义上讲,提高阅读能力的同时也能使听、说、写的能力随之得到提高。通过阅读,扩大了知识面,增加了词汇量,交际时就不会因为知识或词汇贫乏而言不达意,写作时才能做到信手拈来,文章内容丰富。
   
对阅读能力的考查在近几年的高考中也得到了充分体现。1978年以来,阅读的比重在高考中逐年增加。1978年的阅读理解部分仅有一篇短文,1986年增加至3篇, 1989年又增加到四篇,计分从1978年的20%增加到1989年的40%,而近几年的阅读比分更超过了45%。高考阅读理解测验的目的也发生了较大的变化:从考查词句的理解到篇章的理解,从了解事实细节到确定中心思想,进行正确推论,得出合乎逻辑的结论等等。高考选文的题材也比以往更为广泛,阅读材料突破了单一的故事、寓言题材,内容日趋信息化、时代化(涉及新闻、科普、医疗、教育等)。阅读的体裁也极具多样性,它包含了叙述、描写、应用、说明、议论等多种文体,而不同的文体阅读的要求与方法也不同。
    既然培养和提高中学生的阅读能力是如此重要,那么我们怎样才能做到这一点呢?

   
首先,在阅读的过程中, 学生必须注重阅读方法。阅读的过程实质上就是读者运用自己的知识和经验对文章的意义进行猜测、理解、证实、再猜测、再理解、再证实的心理活动过程。阅读的过程通常包含以下5个步骤:
   
第一步:快速阅读题后问题。特别注意每一个问题的主语、谓语、疑问词、否定词等,如what, who, when, how, why, Which is true? Which is not true? 等。带着问题阅读可以使阅读的目的更明确,更具有针对性,因为带着问题阅读,可以使我们有意识地搜寻与问题有关的主要内容,并记忆下这些内容,而对那些与问题关系不太密切的信息就可以跳过去。带着问题阅读是一种积极的学习方法,它的目的就是让学生在阅读时知道要找什么。
     第二步:快速读完文章。这一步骤要求学生尽可能快速读完文章,不必担心有些地方没有完全理解。在这一步里要完成的主要任务就是对文章的内容、结构有一个初步的、整体的了解,找到作者的思路、文章的中心思想。
     第三步:再次快速阅读。在这一步骤中,学生要能知道一些重要词汇、短语、句子在文章中的位置,对于一些细节的特殊信息,如:时间、地点、人名、数字等可一边阅读,一边勾画下来,并对一些较容易的问题进行处理。
     第四步:带着未解决的问题,再次阅读。这是最后一次阅读全文,阅读时头脑中记住那些未解决的问题,进行细节阅读,尤其对那些不能直接得出答案,只能通过了解文章的深层含义才能得出答案的信息,要特别仔细。同时在阅读时记住不要回读,也不要用手指着读,这样才不会影响阅读速度。
     第五步:检查。如果经过前面四个步骤还有问题没有解答,这时可以采用排除法。一般都能排除两个选项,而在剩下的两个选项中再来进行判断,准确率相对就更高了。还有一种就是第一感觉法。如果学生在两个选项之间犹豫时,其实往往第一感觉是正确的,所以这时可以选择自己第一印象认为对的那个选项。
    
学生如果能很好地运用以上办法,无疑可以在考试时节约时间,并且提高答题的准确性。
     其次,学生在正确运用阅读方法的同时,还应具备一些基本的阅读技能和策略。
     一、能通过阅读确定中心思想。一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。一篇文章又是一个有机的整体。段落与段落之间有着内在的紧密联系。一篇文章的中心思想是通过各个段落中心思想的深入阐述烘托出来的。在英语中用来表达这个中心思想的句子叫主题句(the topic sentence)。文章的中心思想通常包含在文章的首句,有时也在文章的结尾,而其他的句子都是用来说明和阐述中心思想的。因此要确定文章的中心思想,要特别注意文章的首句和末句。当然也有一些文章,它的中心思想不在首句或末句,而是贯穿于文章之中,这时就要求学生能纵观全文,对文章有全面透彻的理解。
    下面举近两年的高考题为例子来进行说明。如03年高考阅读题B
     Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence(自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).
     The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache, said Lisa Myton, manager of the children's department. 
     Last November the two groups started Dog Day Afternoon in the children's department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a pawgraphed book at the last class.
     The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thum- powsky, public relations manager.
59题:What is mainly discussed in the text? (  D  )
       A. Children's reading difficulties.   
       B. Advantages of raising dogs
       C. Service in a public library.
       D. A special reading program
    
这篇文章就是要求学生对文章中心思想进行理解。文章一开头就写道“Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills. ”(对狗阅读是一种帮助孩子提高阅读能力的特别方法。)文章最后又写道“This program was so successful that...”由此我们可知,本文主要讲的 A special reading program。通过首尾的这两个暗示文章中心的句子我们很容易就找到了这个题的答案。
    又如02年高考71题也可以通过这种方法找到答案。其实还有很多要求找出文章中心思想的题可以通过这种方法找到答案。当然,也有少数文章只有通读全文才能归纳出中心。如04年高考C
        65. The text is mainly written to explain_______
        A.how to keep yourself from being hurt
        B.how to stay mentally healthy
        C.how and when to remaincalm
        D.why and how to pardon others
   
本文中就没有特别突出的暗示文章中心的句子,我们只有通读全文,才能发现作者是围绕forgive(宽恕,原谅)一词来展开的,因此D项中的 pardon与之吻合。
    二、能掌握具体事实和重要细节。
    文章确定了中心思想后,还必须通过许多细节信息来进一步解释或表达主题,体现中心思想。因此如果不能对文章的一些具体事实和重要细节进行理解,就谈不上对文章的理解。02年高考有10个题是考察对细节的理解,占了阅读部分的50%03年也有超过50%的阅读题目考察对细节的理解,04年略有减少,但仍有6个题考到对细节的理解。由此可见对细节的理解的重要性。在对文章的具体事实和重要细节的理解过程中,常用如下一些基本技能和技巧:
    1.查读(scanning),即通过浏览领会文章大意,进行查读,迅速查找出有关的事实数据或信息以回答相关问题。通常不需要仔细阅读全文。
    如02年高考C

    THEATRE

        City Varieties

     The Headrow, Leeds. Tel. 430808Oct 10 11 only A Night at the Varieties. All the fun of an old music hall with Barry Cryer, Duggle Brown, 6 dancers, Mystina, Jon Barker, Anne Duval and the Tony Harrison Trio. Laugh again at the old jokes and listen to your favourite songs.
        Performances: 8 pm nightly.
        Admission:
5; under 16 or over 60: 4.
        York Theatre Royal
    St Leonard's Place, York. Tel. 223568 Sept 23 - Oct 17 Groping for Words - a comedy by Sue Townsend. Best known for her Adrian Mole Diaries, Townsend now writes about an evening class which two men and a woman attend. A gentle comedy.
    Admission: First night, Mon:
2; Tues - Fri: 3.25 - 5.50; Sat: 3.50 - 5.75.
    Halifax Playhouse
    King's Cross Street, Halifax. Tel. 365998
Oct 10 - 17 On Golden Pond by Ernest Thompson. This is a magical comedy about real people. A beautifully produced, well-acted play for everyone. Don't miss it.
        Performances: 7:30 pm.
        Admission:
2. Mon: 2 seats for the price of one.
        Grand Theatre
        Oxford Street, Leeds. Tel. 502116
        Restaurant and Caf6.
        Oct 1 - 17 The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13. Sue Townsend' s musical play, based on her best-selling book.
  Performances: Evenings 7:45. October 10 - 17, at 2:30 pm. No Monday performances.
  Admission: Tues - Thurs:
2 - 5; Fri && Sat: 2 - 6.
         文章64题“Which theatre offers the cheapest seat?”(  A 
         65If you want to see a play with old jokes and songs, which phone number will you ring to book a seat (  D  )
    这两个题都不必仔细阅读全文,可直接带着问题,对文章进行快速浏览、查找,从而得出答案。这种查读的方法在阅读中特别实用,尤其在应用型文体的阅读中,既可以节约时间又可以提高答题的准确率。
    2.略读(或浏览)(skimming:快速浏览全文,领会文章大意,发现作者的观点和意图,掌握篇章结构,尤其注意首首尾两段常包含引言(introduction)和结论(conclusion,每段注意首尾两句(常包含topic sentenceconclusion);通过浏览回答有关大意(general idea)的一般性问题(general questions)。这一点因有许多文章谈及,本文不再举例来说明。
    3.能猜测词义[Figuring out the Meaning]
    阅读文章时,理解词义是基础。不懂词义,就谈不上理解文章,而同一单词往往因语境不同而词义产生变化,只有根据上下文,正确理解该词在文章中的意义,才能真正达到对文章的理解。同时在阅读过程中学生难免会遇到不认识的单词,而这时又不能查词典,于是我们就只有猜测。(020304年高考都分别有两个试题是猜测词义)但是猜测词义并不是盲目的乱猜,它也是有一定规律可循的。猜测词义有如下三种方法:
    第一办法是根据上下文的内容进行猜测
    03年高考B篇文章62小题A pawgraphed book is most probably   C
        A. a book used in Saturday classes
        B. a book written by the children
        C. a prize for the children
        D. a gift from parents
    
如果对原文能有正确的理解那就不难猜出,它是实际上是“a prize for the Children”从而得出答案。
     第二种办法是根据词的结构和构词法进行猜测。
     前缀un--表反义,如happy-unhappy, real-unreal reasonable-unreasonable prejudiced-unprejudiced
     如后缀-ment表名词 develop-development  argue-argument  astonish-astonishment 等后缀-er, --or,  --ist表同源名词,act-actor,  calculate-calculator,  operate-operator,  invent-inventor,   wait-waiter.
     第三种方法是根据一些过渡词、转折词、时态词等进行猜测。
     如:for, because, since, as等表原因;so, thus等表结果;in order to, so as to,等表目的;on the other hand ,while, nevertheless表转折but, instead of, rather than, on the contrary等表示相反;that is to say, for instance, for example等表示进一步说明。
     三、能联系上下文结合常识进行逻辑推理、判断。
     在阅读时,有一些显性的答案可以直接从文中得到,而一些隐性的答案却不能直接获得。这时候只能通过联系上下文,结合常识根据文章提供的事实和线索,进行逻辑推理;还要能够透过文章的字面意义把握作者的真实意图,推断出文章中的隐含信息。
     根据作者使用的语言,叙述的事实,引用的例证,人物的对话及动作、心理活动的描写等推断出作者写这篇文章的意图是什么,他想要说明什么问题,表达什么观点及持什么态度。这实际上就是一个通过表面文字推测文章深层结构的判断推理过程。如04年高考阅读部分
B
Giving Back
Fair Way
    The Westborough High School golf team had taken the official photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough instructor Greg Rota noticed something wrong x>n one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Wobum High had won.
No one would have known,said Wobum's instructor, Bob Doran. For Rota, it wasn't a difficult decision: The prize wasn't ours to take.
     Coin Stars
   
College students are lazy, but they also want to help, says University of Pennsylvania graduate Dana Hork. So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins, and handing out cups to first-year students to keep in their rooms. Her Change for Change effort has collected $40,000 for charities(慈善机构) , which were decided upon by students.
     Never Forgotten
     A school in Massachusetts received a $ 9.5 million check from Jacques LeBermuth. But it took officials several days of digging to discover his connection to the school. Records showed the LeBermuth came from Belgium and studied in the school in the 1920s. When his family fell on hard times, he was offered free room and board. LeBermuth became a trader, owned shares of AT&&T and lived off the earnings until he died, at age 89.
60. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end?      C   
        A. Took photos of Doran.
        B. Had a meeting with Doran.
        C. Returned the prize to the organizer.
        D. Apologized to Wobum High School.
61. Greg Rota's decision shows that he was      A      .
        A. honest        B. polite      C. careful       D. friendly
64. Jacques LeBermuth gave the money to the school because      C     .
        A. the school asked for it
        B. he had no need for that much money
        C. the school had helped him in the past
        D. he wanted to be remembered by the students
    60
题原题问What did Greg Rota probably do in the end Greg Rota 最后可能会怎么做)。原文没有提到他会怎么做,但我们通过Greg Rota 在拿到奖后说“The prize wasnt ours to take”(这个奖不该我们拿),可以推出他会把奖品退给组织者。由此得出答案C.Returned the prize to the organizer。同样,根据前面Greg Rota会把奖品退给组织者自然得出61题的答案:Greg Rota是一个诚实的人。
    近几年的高考题越来越重视对学生推理判断能力的考查,比如04年的这类题有6个,因此,我们在阅读训练中应加强这类题的训练。
    总之,在阅读过程中,学生要做到积极思考,认真分析,灵活运用阅读方法和技巧,使阅读速度和准确性得到同步提高,最终达到提高阅读能力的目的,促进听、说、读、写四项基本技能的全面发展,并为学生的终身学习奠定坚实的基础。

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